What component allows waste and soil to exit the ship's piping system?

The component that allows waste and soil to exit the ship's piping system is the scupper valve. This valve is specifically designed to facilitate the drainage of excess water and other materials from the ship, particularly in areas like the deck or other wastewater containment locations. Scupper valves are crucial for maintaining safety and sanitation aboard the vessel, as they help manage water accumulation and ensure that waste can be removed efficiently. Their operation prevents backflow and keeps the ship's environment clean by allowing unwanted liquids to drain away properly.

In contrast, the other options serve different purposes; for instance, a drain valve typically controls the release of water or fluids from storage tanks, while an overflow outlet is designed to prevent tanks from overflowing by redirecting excess fluids. An inspection port provides access for checking the condition of pipes and systems but does not facilitate the exit of waste. Each has its unique function, but the scupper valve is specifically meant for the expulsion of waste and soil from the ship's piping system.